马尾松叶表微生物多样性

为发掘对林木生长发育有利的优良微生物资源,并筛选适合叶表微生物的收集方法,以马尾松针叶为试验材料,分别用悬摇法和超声波法收集马尾松叶表微生物,用扩增子高通量测序技术、MUSCLE和Qiime软件研究马尾松叶表微生物的多样性。结果表明:扫描电镜观测结果显示,马尾松针叶表面定殖有大量微生物,包括真菌(菌丝及孢子)和细菌。扩增子高通量测序结果表明,马尾松叶表微生物物种丰富,包含细菌运算分类单位(OTUs)490个,真菌OTUs 1273个。马尾松叶表细菌以未分类的蓝细菌属(unidentified_Cyanobacteria)(36.53%)、未分类的拜叶林克氏菌属(unidentified_Beijerinckia)(28.60%)、鞘氨醇单胞菌属(Sphingomonas)(2.35%)为优势属;叶表真菌以枝孢属(Cladosporium)(2.45%)、拟盘多毛孢属(Pestalotiopsis)(0.92%)、无头孢菌属(Capnobotryella)(0.91%)为优势属。针对叶表细菌多样性的研究表明,悬摇法和超声波法均有较高的物种检出度;在叶表真菌多样性的研究中超声波法优于悬摇法,但超声波法样品间数据变异性较大,测定结果不稳定。     

Beaver dams,streamflow complexity,and the distribution of a rare minnow,Lepidomeda copei

Freshwater fishes are threatened globally, and often too little is known about threatened species to effectively guide their conservation. Habitat complexity is linked to fish species diversity and persistence, and degraded streams often lack habitat complexity. Beaver Castor spp., in turn, have been used to restore streams and increase habitat complexity. The northern leatherside chub Lepidomeda copei is a rare, small‐bodied, drift‐feeding minnow that has anecdotally been observed to use complex habitats associated with beaver dams in the western United States. To investigate this anecdote, we conducted fish and habitat surveys, the latter focusing on quantifying habitat complexity, in a sub‐basin of the Upper Snake River Basin in the USA. Complementary generalised linear model and path analyses revealed that northern leatherside chub occurred more often at sites with complex streamflows, and streamflows were more complex when beaver dams were present and pools were deeper. Northern leatherside chubs were also more likely to occur when temperatures were warmer, aquatic macrophytes were abundant and stream channels were narrow and deep. The linkage between chubs, complex streamflows and beaver dams needs to be evaluated more broadly to completely understand its role in the rangewide status of the species. However, it does suggests that increased use of beaver reintroductions and dam analogues for stream restoration could be a boon for the northern leatherside chub, but such efforts should be monitored to determine their effectiveness to help adapt beaver‐based restoration approaches to best benefit the species.     

武夷岩茶种质资源遗传多样性与亲缘关系的SRAP分析

本研究利用SRAP-PCR反应体系,从88对SRAP引物组合中筛选出43对引物组合,对武夷岩茶主要的30份种质资源进行SRAP分析,共扩增出385条带,其中具有多态性的有236条带,占总数的61.30%,表明30份武夷岩茶种质呈现一定的遗传多样性。武夷岩茶种质资源间遗传距离变幅在0.31~0.98之间,平均为0.63,基于SRAP标记利用系统聚类法把武夷岩茶分为三大类,为武夷岩茶遗传研究、品种选育与资源保护提供参考。     

基于P-S-R框架模型试点研究高寒地区生态承载力——以甘肃省迭部县为例

全面客观评价生态资源承载能力,进而为区域可持续发展提供理论依据。以甘肃省迭部县为例,首先,采用压力-状态-响应(P-S-R)模型构建生态承载力评估指标体系,运用层次分析法(Analytic Hierarchy Process,AHP)确定各指标权重,评估生态环境承载力现状;其次,在生态功能区层面对迭部县水源涵养功能及生物多样性功能进行评价;最后,对生态承载力状况进行成因解析。研究结果表明：（1）迭部县整体生态承载力得分为0.239,处于“较强”承载力状态,构成整体生态承载力的生态弹性力、资源和环境承载力和人类社会影响力得分分别为0.222、0.062和0.063。（2）2016年,迭部县单位面积水源涵养量为111.76 mm,水源涵养功能处于“高”状态,其中,水源涵养功能较高地区主要集中在以草地和针阔混交林为主的区域。（3）自然栖息地面积占迭部县总面积的83.67%,其自然栖息质量指数(Natural Habitant Quality Index,NHQI)处于“高”状态。（4）从自然和经济2个因素进行分析,发现迭部县生态环境条件较好,但林草地面积已呈现出逐渐减少状态,因此需要通过合理科学的开发引导,发展文化旅游事业,推动迭部县的可持续发展。     

沙蒿多糖组合制剂对滩羊羔羊瘤胃菌群多样性的影响

本试验旨在研究沙蒿多糖不同组合制剂对滩羊羔羊瘤胃菌群多样性的影响。选择健康、体重相近的断奶滩羊公羔60只,按体重随机分为4个组,每组15只羊。对照组饲喂基础饲粮,试验1组、试验2组和试验3组分别饲喂在基础饲粮中添加5.5 g/d沙蒿多糖+5.5 g/d包被丁酸钠、5.5 g/d沙蒿多糖+5.5 g/d丁酸甘油酯和5.5 g/d沙蒿多糖+1.1 g/d莫能菌素的试验饲粮。预试期为15 d,正试期为60 d。结果表明:1)与对照组相比,试验1组和试验2组滩羊瘤胃液乙酸、丁酸、总挥发性脂肪酸浓度和乙酸比例显著提高(P<0.05)。2)试验2组的Chao1指数显著高于对照组(P<0.05),试验2组的Shannon指数和Simpson指数有高于对照组的趋势(0.05≤P<0.10)。3)门水平上,与对照组相比,试验1组瘤胃液中软壁菌门的相对丰度显著升高(P<0.05),厚壁菌门和丝状杆菌门的相对丰度有升高的趋势(0.05≤P<0.10);试验2组瘤胃液中绿弯菌门的相对丰度显著升高(P<0.05),而疣微菌门的相对丰度有升高的趋势(0.05≤P<0.10);试验3组瘤胃液中蓝藻菌门和互养菌门的相对丰度显著升高(P<0.05)。4)属水平上,与对照组相比,试验1组瘤胃液中理研菌科RC9的相对丰度显著降低(P<0.05),解琥珀酸菌属和丹毒丝菌属的相对丰度显著升高(P<0.05);试验2组瘤胃液中Sharpea的相对丰度显著降低(P<0.05),假丁酸弧菌属的相对丰度显著升高(P<0.05);试验3组瘤胃液中理研菌科RC9和Sharpea的相对丰度显著降低(P<0.05),互营球菌属的相对丰度有增加的趋势(0.05≤P<0.10)。由此可见,饲粮添加沙蒿多糖组合制剂均可提高滩羊羔羊菌群多样性,改善瘤胃微生物区系,且以添加沙蒿多糖+包被丁酸钠的效果最好。     

中国竹类多样性及其重要价值

竹类属于禾本科Gramineae（Poaceae）、竹亚科Bambusoideae植物，全世界约1 500多种。中国竹类的自然分布广阔，横跨热带、亚热带和温带地区，涵盖包括台湾、香港在内的21个有竹子分布的省、自治区、直辖市和特区。中国是世界上竹类多样性最丰富的国家，也是世界上栽培竹类最丰富的国家，共有竹类植物753种（含22种引进种），约占世界总数的50%以上。同时，中国竹类在起源、遗传进化、内部构造、生态及林型等方面均具有十分丰富的多样性。中国竹类从宏观到微观所展现出的多样性特质，是大自然留给人类的宝贵遗产，对于人类认识自然、保护自然、从而更好的利用竹类资源服务于人类的长远利益，具有重要价值。文章从起源、生态、林型、物种、形态、遗传等方面概述了中国竹类的多样性，为进一步探讨竹类多样性提供基础信息。     

生物炭对酸化茶园土壤性状和真菌群落结构的影响

为探讨生物炭长期施用对酸化茶园土壤改良和真菌群落结构的影响,分析了按生物炭用量0、2.5、5、10、20、40 t·hm^-2施用5年后的茶园土壤性状和真菌群落结构变化。结果表明,施用生物炭5年后的茶园土壤pH提高了0.16~1.11,可溶性有机碳含量提高了52.6%~92.3%,而铵态氮和硝态氮含量以10 t·hm^-2处理最高。施用生物炭5年后的土壤性质变化,进一步影响了真菌群落结构,表现为Chao指数、ACE指数和Shannon指数随生物炭用量增加呈先增加后降低的趋势;提高生物炭施用量对茶园土壤次要作用的真菌（LDA值<3.50）丰度的增加效果高于优势真菌（LDA值>3.50）的效果,其中被孢霉属、木霉属、毛壳菌属的相对丰度增加,黑盘孢属的相对丰度降低。     

Development of a core set of KASP markers for assaying genetic diversity in Brassica rapa subsp. chinensis Makino

Single‐nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) are rapid, economical and reliable genotyping tools. Non‐heading Chinese cabbage (Brassica rapa L. subsp. chinensis Makino) is now an economically important vegetable crop worldwide. In this study, 1,167 SNPs were evaluated for 7polymorphism among 70 representative non‐heading Chinese cabbage inbred lines using a Kompetitive Allele Specific PCR (KASP) genotyping assay. On the basis of identified polymorphisms and the results of a principal component analysis, we selected 50 core SNPs that were balanced sufficiently to provide adequate information for genetic identification. The core SNPs were used for construction of a neighbour‐joining dendrogram that separated the 70 inbred lines into four main groups and several subgroups corresponding to Caixin, Heiyebaicai, Huangxinwu, Naibaicai, Taitsai, Pak‐choi, and Wutatsai. This categorization was superior to that achieved using a dataset of 479 polymorphic SNPs. To confirm the utility of the core SNP markers in genetic identification, we tested their stability and resolution using 162 commercial hybrid cultivars. The SNPs, which represent a cost‐effective, accurate marker set for germplasm analysis and cultivar identification, are suitable for molecular marker‐assisted breeding in non‐heading Chinese cabbage.     

The microbial diversity and structure in peatland forest in Indonesia

The microbial community structure and function under forest in tropical peatlands are poorly understood. In this study, we investigated the microbial community structure and diversity in natural peat swamp forest soil, disturbed peat soil and mineral soil in Central Kalimantan, Indonesia, using 454 pyrosequencing. The results showed that the natural peat soil had the greatest fungal species richness (Chao1), which was significantly (p < .05) larger than that in the other two soils. Community structure of both fungi and bacteria in natural peat soil differed significantly from that in the disturbed peat soil (p = .039 and p = .045, respectively). Ascomycota (40.5%) was the most abundant phylum across the three soils followed by Basidiomycota (18.8%), Zygomycota (<0.1%) and Glomeromycota (<0.1%). The linear discriminant analysis with effect size (LEfSe) showed that Ascomycota (p < .05) and genus Gliocephalotrichum (p < .05) dominated in natural peat soil. Functionally, pathotrophs were more abundant in disturbed peat soil (p < .05). Proteobacteria (43.8%) were the most abundant phylum followed by Acidobacteria (32.6%), Actinobacteria (9.8%), Planctomycetes (1.7%). Methylocystis, Telmatospirillum, Syntrophobacter, Sorangium and Opitutus were the more abundant genera in disturbed peat soil, whereas Nevskia and Schlesneria were more abundant in mineral soil and natural peat soil, respectively. The natural peat forest soil supported a more diverse microbiology; however, the land use of such a soil can change its microbial community structure. The results provide evidence that the disturbance of tropical peat land could lead to the introduction and spread of a large number of fungal diseases     

放牧对土壤理化性状及植被多样性的影响

放牧是家畜饲养方式之一,是草地最简单而又有效的利用方式,但放牧中的家畜家禽通过采食牧草、践踏土壤和牧草以及粪便排泄影响着草地植被和土壤,不同的强度的放牧对地下土壤与地上植被的影响不同,本文综述了近几年来放牧对地下部土壤有机质、氮、磷、钾,土壤容重、有机碳以及微生物多样性的影响,对植被多样性及草群成分的影响等,旨在为今后家畜放牧行为研究以及放牧科学研究提供理论依据。